Political Culture

Common sense 

Political culture is a system of values ​​and beliefs shared by the community. However, each element of the different political cultures, such as the general public to the elites. As in Indonesia, according to Benedict R. O'G Anderson, Indonesia culture tends to be sharply divided between the elite with the masses.

Almond and Verba defined political culture as a distinct orientation attitude of citizens towards the political system and a variety of parts, and attitudes toward the role of citizens in the system. In other words, how the distribution patterns of a particular orientation towards political goals among people of that nation. Furthermore, they stated, that the citizens continue to identify themselves with the symbols and institutions of state based on the orientation they have. With the orientation that they are assessing and questioning the place and their role in the political system.

Here are some notion of political culture that can serve as a guide to better understand theoretically as follows:

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.       <! - [endif] -> Cultural politics is the politics of values ​​consisting of driver's knowledge, tradition, superstition, and myth. All of them are known and recognized by most people. political culture provides a rational to reject or accept the values ​​and norms of others.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.      <! - [endif] -> political culture can be seen from the aspect of the doctrine and generic aspects. The first emphasis on the content or materials, such as socialism, democracy, or nationalism . The second (the generic aspects) to analyze the shape, role andcharacteristics of political culture, such as militant, utopian, open, or closed.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> c.       <! - [endif] -> The nature and characteristics of political culture on the issues of values ​​is the basic principle underlying a view of life associated with the problem of purpose.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> d.      <! - [endif] -> The shape of political culture and norms in attitude, the attitude of open and closed, the militancy of a person against another person in the association community. pattern of leadership (conformity or encourage the initiative of freedom), attitudes toward mobility (maintaining the status quo or to encourage mobility), the policy priorities (economic or political stress).

By understanding the political culture of the above, seems to lead us to an understanding of the concept that combines two levels of political orientation, ie the system and individuals. With the orientation of the individual that does not mean that in view of its political system we assume people will tend to move towards individualism. Far from such a supposition, this view see the individual aspects of the political orientation only as a recognition of the phenomenon in the society as a whole can not escape from the orientation of the individual.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 1.      <! - [endif] -> Understanding Cultural Politics According to the Experts

There are many scholars who have studied political science political culture theme, so there are variations of the concept of political culture that we know. However, when observed and studied further, about the degree of difference concepts are not so big, so it stays in the understanding and the same signs. Here is an understanding of some political scientists on political culture.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.      <! - [endif] -> Rusadi Sumintapura

Political culture is nothing but the patterns of individual behavior and orientation toward political life is lived by the members of a political system.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.      <! - [endif] -> Sidney Verba

Political culture is a system of empirical beliefs, expressive symbols and values ​​that define a situation in which political action carried out.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> c.      <! - [endif] -> Alan R. Ball

Political culture is a structure consisting of attitudes, beliefs, emotions and values ​​associated with the political system and political issues.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> d.      <! - [endif] -> Austin Ranney

Political culture is a set of views about politics and government held together; a pattern orientations of objects politics.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> e.      <! - [endif] -> Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr..

Political culture consists of attitudes, beliefs, values ​​and skills that apply to the entire population, as well as trends and patterns that are specific to certain parts of the population.

Based on some of the terms mentioned above (in the general sense, or according to experts), it can be stretched several conceptual limitations of the political culture as follows:

First    : that the concept of political culture emphasizes aspects of the actual behavior of non-action, but more emphasis on the various non-actual behavior such as orientation, attitudes, values ​​and beliefs. This is why   Gabriel A. Almond considers that the political culture is the psychological dimension of     a political system that also has an important role passes a political system.

Second      : the things that political culture is oriented in the political system, meaning that any talk of political culture will not be separated from discussions of political system. Things that are oriented in the political system, that is, each component consisting of components of the structure and function in the political system. Someone will have different orientations toward the political system, with a view oriented focus, whether at the level of political structure, the functions of the political structure, and a combination of both. Eg, political orientation towards the political institutions of the legislature, executive and so on.

Third      : the political culture is a conceptual description that describes the components of political culture in the level of massive (large amounts), or describe the people in a country or region, rather than per-sons. This relates to the understanding, that political culture is a reflection of the behavior of the mass of citizens who have a major role for the creation of an ideal political system.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 1.      <! - [endif] -> Components of Political Culture

As said by Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr.., that political culture is a psychological dimension in the political system. The purpose of this statement by Ranney , is due to the political culture of the psychological environment, for the implementation of political conflict (the political dynamics) and the policy making process. As a psychological environment, the components containing the psychic elements in society who categorized into several elements.

According to Ranney, there are two main components of political culture, namely the cognitive orientation ( cognitive orientations ) and the orientation of the affective ( affective oreintatations ). In the meantime, Almond and Verba a more comprehensive reference to what Parsons and Shils formulated concerning the classification of the types of orientation, that the political culture of the political object contains three components as follows.

Cognitive orientation       : that is a knowledge of and trust in politics, the role and obligations as well as all the input and output.

Affective orientation       : the sense of the political system, its role, the actor and he looked.

Evaluative orientation     : the decisions and opinions about political objects that typically involve a standard of value and criteria with information and feelings.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> C          <! - [endif] -> TYPES OF POLITICAL CULTURE

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 1.      <! - [endif] -> Based on the attitude of the Shown

In countries which have economic system and complex technology, requiring extensive cooperation to treat capital and skill mix. Spirit of cooperation can be measured from the attitude of people towards others. In this condition the attitude of the political culture has a tendency of "militant" or the nature of "tolerance".

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.       <! - [endif] -> Militant Political Culture

Political culture where differences are not seen as an attempt to find the best alternative, but is seen as evil and challenging effort. In the event of crisis, then you are looking for is a scapegoat, not caused by the wrong rules, and intimate issues are always sensitive and burning emotion.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.      <! - [endif] -> Culture of Political Tolerance

Political culture in which thoughts or ideas centered on the issues that must be considered, trying to find a reasonable consensus that which always opens the door to work together.Neutral or critical attitude towards the idea of people, but not suspicious of people.

If the statement of the general tone of the community leaders are very militant, then it can be to create tension and conflict grow. All of them are close to the growth path of cooperation.Statement with the soul of tolerance is almost always invites cooperation. Based on the attitudes towards tradition and change. Political culture is divided into:

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.      <! - [endif] -> The Political Culture has Absolut Mental Attitude

Political culture to have the attitude that absolute mental own values ​​and beliefs.considered to be always perfect and irreversible. Effort required is the intensification of the trust, not good. Only mindset gives attention to what is in harmony with his mental and reject or attack things that are new or different (contradictory). Absolute pitched political culture can be grown from tradition, rarely critical of the tradition, instead simply trying to preserve the purity of tradition. Thus, the tradition has always maintained with all the goodness and badness. Absolute fidelity to tradition does not allow the growth of new elements.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.      <! - [endif] -> The Political Culture has Accommodative Mental Attitude

Mental structures that are accommodating and willing to accept normally open what is considered valuable. He can break the bonds of tradition, critical of yourself, and be willing to reassess the tradition based on today's developments.

Absolute type of political culture is often considered as a dangerous change. Each new development is considered as a challenge that must be controlled dangerous. Changes considered to be deviant food. Accommodating the type of political culture to see the changes just as anyone issue to think about. Changes to drive business improvement and a more perfect solution.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 1.      <! - [endif] -> Based on the orientation of politics is

Reality that is found in the political culture, it has several variations. Characterized based on political orientation and the characters in the political culture, then any political system will have a different political culture. This difference is manifested in the types that exist in a political culture that each type has different characteristics.

From the reality of the political culture that developed in the community, Gabriel Almond   classify political culture as follows:

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.       <! - [endif] -> parochial political culture (Parochial political culture ), the level of political participation is very low, due to cognitive factors (eg education levels are relatively low ).

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.      <! - [endif] -> Culture of political subjects (the subject of political culture) , which are already in relatively advanced societies (both social and economic) but it still is passive.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> c.       <! - [endif] -> political culture of participants (participant political culture) , the political culture characterized by very high political consciousness.

In public life, did not rule out the possibility that the formation of political culture is a combination of the above three classifications. On the classification of political culture in the community further as follows.

No	Political Culture	DESCRIPTION / Description
A.	Parochial	<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.       <! - [endif] -> Frequency of the orientation of the system as a common object, the objects ofthe input , the objects of output , and the person as an active participant close to zero. <! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.      <! - [endif] -> There is no political roles that specialized in the community. <! - [If! SupportLists] -> c.       <! - [endif] -> Orientation alpanya parochial expressed hopes of comparative changes initiated by the political system. <! - [If! SupportLists] -> d.      <! - [endif] -> The parochial did not expect any of the political system. <! - [If! SupportLists] -> e.       <! - [endif] -> pure parochialism takes place in a much simpler system in which traditional political specialization is at a very minimal level. <! - [If! SupportLists] -> f.        <! - [endif] -> parochialism in diferensiatif political system is more affective than the cognitive and normative.
2.	Subject / subjects	<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.       <! - [endif] -> There is a high frequency of political orientation toward the political system diferensiatif and output aspects of the system, but the frequency of the orientation of the input objects in particular, and against the person as an active participant close to zero. <! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.      <! - [endif] -> The subject will recognize the authority of the government <! - [If! SupportLists] -> c.       <! - [endif] -> The connection to the system plitik in general, and on output, administrative essentially a passive relationship. <! - [If! SupportLists] -> d.      <! - [endif] -> Frequently beings in a society where there is no structure of the input that terdiferensiansikan. <! - [If! SupportLists] -> e.       <! - [endif] -> Orientation subjects are more affective and normative rather than cognitive.
3.	Participants	<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.       <! - [endif] -> The frequency of the system of political orientation as a common object, the objects of input , output , and the person as an active participant approached one. <! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.      <! - [endif] -> Forms culture in which community members tended to be oriented explicitly towards a comprehensive political system and on the structure and the political process and administrative (aspects input and output of the political system) <! - [If! SupportLists] -> c.       <! - [endif] -> Members of the public participatory political object <! - [If! SupportLists] -> d.      <! - [endif] -> Community role as an activist.

The condition of society in the political culture of the participants  understood that their status as citizens and give attention to the political system. They have pride in our political system and have a willingness to discuss it. They have confidence that they can influence public policy-making in several levels and have the will to organize themselves into groups if there are protests governance practices are not fair.

Participant political culture is a land that is ideal for the flourishing of democracy. This is due to the harmonization of government relations with citizens, which is shown by the level of political competence, which is completing a political thing, and the level of efficacy or empowerment, because they feel have the least political power shown by the citizens. Therefore they feel the need to engage in the electoral process and the need for involvement in political trust. Besides acting as individual citizens who are active in the community voluntarily, because of mutual trust ( trust ) between citizens. Therefore, in a political context, this type of culture is an ideal condition for a political community.

Political culture subjects one degree lower than politikpartisipan culture. People in this type of culture still has the same understanding as a citizen and have attention to the political system, but their involvement in a more passive. They keep abreast of political news, but not proud of his country's political system and feel little emotional commitment to the country. They will feel uncomfortable when talking about political issues.

Democracy is difficult to develop in a society with the political culture of the subject, because each of its citizens are not active. Feelings influence the political process when they have come in contact with local officials. In addition they also have political competence and political empowerment of the low, making it very difficult to expect a high political artisipasi, to the creation of mechanisms to control the passage of the political system.

Parochial political culture is a type of political culture of the lowest, in which people do not even feel that they are citizens of a country, they would identify themselves to a sense of locality. There is no pride in the political system. They have no concern for what happens in the political system, a little knowledge about the political system, and rarely discuss political issues.

This political culture also indicates that people do not have the interest nor the ability to participate in politics. Feelings of political competence and political empowerment does not show, when dealing with political institutions. Therefore, it is difficult to try to build democracy in parochial political culture, only if there are institutions and a new sense of citizenship. This political culture could dtemukan in tribal communities in underdeveloped countries, such as in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

But in reality no one country that has a genuine political culture of participants, pariokal or subject. But there are variations in the mix between these three types, three by Almond andVerba also diversify into the three forms of political culture, namely:

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.       <! - [endif] -> subject-parochial political culture ( the culture-subject Parochial )

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.      <! - [endif] -> subject-participant political culture ( the subject-participant culture )

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> c.       <! - [endif] -> parochial-participant political culture ( the Parochial-participant culture )

Based on the classification or other forms of political culture in the above, can be divided in three models of political culture as follows:

Models of Political Culture
Democratic Industrial	Authoritarian systems	Democratic Pre-Industrial
In this system quite a lot of political activists to ensure a competitive party politics and voting attendance islarge.	Here the number of industrial and modernist some small, though there are political organizations and political participants such as students,the intellectual in the persuasive action against the systems that exist, but most of the people just become a passive subject.	In this system there are only a little bit of Parti-Sipan and also the involvement of the libatannya in the reign

The pattern of leadership as part of political culture, demanding conformity or encouraging the activity. In developing countries such as Indonesia, the government is expected to increasingly large role in development in all areas. From the point of authority, conformity to the demands or expectations regarding the support of the people. Modification or compromise is not expected, let alone criticism. If the leaders feel important, then he pointed to sue the people's loyalty is high. However, there are elite are aware of the initiative of the people who determine the level of development, the elite was expanding his effective leadership and people's initiatives to curb no freedom.

A strong government, accompanied by a strong passivity of the people, usually have a political culture is the political religion of politics developed it based on characteristics of religion that tend to be strictly regulate every member of society. Culture is an attempt by mixing politics with the characteristics of the dominant religious in a traditional society in a new country to grow.

David Apter gives an overview of the political conditions that give rise to a political religion in a society, the political conditions that are too centralized with the role of the bureaucracy or the military is too strong. The elite political culture based on religious political culture can encourage or discourage development because of the mass of the people have to adapt to the discretion of the political elite.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> D    <! - [endif] -> SOCIALIZATION OF POLITICAL CULTURE

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 1.      <! - [endif] -> General Understanding

Political Socialization, is one of the input functions of the political system prevailing in the country-any country that embraces both the political system is democratic, authoritarian, dictatorial, and so forth. Political socialization, the process of forming attitudes and political orientation oncommunity members.

Keterlaksanaan political socialization, is largely determined by social, economic, and culture inwhich a person / individual resides. In addition, it is determined by the interaction of experience-experience and personality. Sosialsiasi politics, a process that had a long and complex directly resulting from the interplay between the efforts of individual personality with political experiences that are relevant to provide a form of political behavior. Knowledge, values, and attitudes- attitudes that form the acquired person's perception of the screen, through which individuals receive political stimuli.One's political behavior develops gradually.

Thus, political socialization is the process by which individuals can acquire the knowledge, values, and attitudes toward the political system of society. This event does not guarantee that the system passed its political, even if this might happen. Because this could lead to denial of legitimacy. But what will lead to stagnation or change, depending on the circumstances that led to the recusal. In the absence of legitimacy that comes with an active hostility towards the political system, then the change may occur. However, if legitimacy is coupled with apathy toward the political system, it is quite possible that the resulting stagnation

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 1.      <! - [endif] -> Understanding The Experts

Various terms or restrictions on political socialization has been widely performed by leading scientists. Similarly, the notions of political culture, political systems and so on, though among political experts there is a difference, but most remain on the principles and the same corridor. The following will dikemukana some sense of political socialization according to experts.

a.     David F. Aberle, in " Culture and Socialization "

Political socialization is the patterns of social action, or aspects of behavior, which instill in individuals the skills (including knowledge), the motives and attitudes that need to display the current roles or which was anticipated (and ongoing) along the normal human life, as far as new roles yet to be studied further.

b.     Gabriel A. Almond

The political socialization of the process by which political attitudes and behavior patterns acquired or established political, and also a means for a generation to communicate standards of politics and political beliefs to the next generation.

c.     Irvin L. Child

Political socialization is the process by which all individuals are born with a lot of range of potential behavior, are required to develop actual behavior which is limited within a range that becomes habit and be accepted by him in accordance with the standards of the group.

d.     Richard E. Dawson et al.

Political socialization can be viewed as an inheritance of knowledge, values ​​and political views of parents, teachers, and the means of dissemination to the other new citizens and their adulthood.

e.     SN Eisentadt, in From Generation to Ganeration

Political socialization is the communication with and studied by other human beings, with whom individuals are gradually entering some kind of public relations. By Mochtar Mas'oed called cultural transmission .

f.      Denis Kavanagh

Political socialization is a process by which a person learn and grow his views on politics.

g.     Alfian

Interpret political education as a conscious effort to change the process of political socialization of society, so that they experience and appreciate the true values ​​are contained in an ideal political system which would be built. Results of appreciation that will give birth to new political attitudes and behaviors that support an ideal political system, and with it also the birth of new political culture. Alfian of view, there are two things to note, namely:

The first  : the political socialization should be viewed as a process that runs continuously during the participant's life.

Second      : the political socialization of transmission can be either in the form of direct instruction involving the communication of information, values ​​or feelings about the strictly political. Process which takes place in families, schools, social groups, work groups, mass media, or direct political contacts.

Of the many definitions of these seem to have much in common in mengetengah out some important aspects of political socialization, as follows.

a.     Socialization is fundamentally a process of learning outcomes, learning from experience / action patterns.

b.     give a general indication of the results of studying the behavior of individuals and groups within broad limits, and more specifically, in terms of knowledge or information, motives (values) and attitudes.

c.     socialization need not be limited to the age of children and adolescents only (although this period the most important), but the socializing takes place throughout life.

d.     that socialization is a necessary precondition for social activities, and either implicitly or explicitly provide an explanation of social behavior.

Of the many opinions on the above, according to Michael Rush and Phillip Althoff , there are two problems associated with the definitions above.

First   : Which area of socialization is a process of systematic conservation? It is important to examine the relationship between socialization and social change, or the functionalist terms, as the maintenance of the system. In fact there is no reason at all to state why a theory of political socialization was not able to take into account: the presence or absence of systematic change and social change; provide a theory that allows the inclusion of two important variables, and do not limit yourself with everything that has been studied, with who taught, who teaches and what the results obtained. Two important variables are theexperience and personality and then be proven that both, experience and individual personality, even more so the experience and personality of the individual groups, is fundamental to the socialization process and the process of change.

Second       : is related to the breadth, which includes the behavior, whether open or closed, which is accessible and also learned that the form of instructions. Instruction is an important part of socialization, not be doubted, parents can teach their children some ways certain social behavior: social and education systems, to include a provision for citizenship education; state could prudently deploy ideologies official. It can not be over emphasized, that a large part of even the largest part of socialization, the experimental results, for all that takes place unconsciously, closed, can not be recognized and can not dkenali.

Terms such as "invest" and to a certain small extent " led to the development of " both tend to obscure the important aspect of socialization. So Michael Oakeshott states: " Education starts from keminkamtaan interested political tradition in the form of observation and imitation of the behavior of our parents, and little or none in this world who looks at the akita mat without contributing to it. We are aware of the past and the future, as soon as our awareness to the present . "

So, despite the fact that socialization is partly open, systematic and deliberate, but secar atotal is not realistic to assume that the meaning of any experience must be recognized by the perpetrator, or by an act concerning the experience.

Presumably we can understand that political socialization is the process by which individuals can acquire the knowledge, values ​​and attitudes towards the political system of society. This event does not guarantee that the public approve of the political system, although this may happen. Because this could cause a denial of legitimacy: but whether this leads to stagnation or to change, depending on the circumstances that caused the denial. If the lack of legitimacy that comes with an active hostility towards the political system, then change is possible, but if it's legitimacy coupled with apathy toward the political system, not tidakmungkin stagnation.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 2.     <! - [endif] -> Political Socialization Process

The development of political sociology starts during childhood or adolescence. The results ofresearch David Easton and Robert Hess pointed out that in the United States, studying politics began at the age of three years and became steady at the age of seven years. Stage earlier than the study includes the development of political ties environment, such as' attachment to their schools ", that they dwell in a certain area. The young man had confidence in negerinva beauty, goodness and cleanliness of the people. This manifestation is followed by the symbols of authority generally, such as police agents, presidents, and the national flag. At the age of nine and ten years arising awareness of the more abstract concepts, such as voting, democracy, civil liberties, and the role of citizens in the political system.

The role of family in political socialization is very important. According to Easton and Hess,children have the same picture of her father and president for many years at the school early. Both are regarded as figures of power. Easton and Dennis expressed no 4 (four) stages in the process of political socialization of children,  which is as follows.

a.     Introduction of authority over a particular individual, such as the child's parents, the president and the police.

b.     development of the distinction between internal and external authority, namely between private and government officials.

c.     introduction of political institutions are impersonal, like a congress (parliament), the supreme court, and voting (election).

d.     development of the distinction between political institutions and those who engage in activities associated with these institutions.

A special study has been conducted to investigate the values ​​of the care of children by various generations of older people in Russia. These values ​​are as follows:

a.     tradition; particularly religious, but also includes bonds of kinship and tradition in general

b.     Achievement; persistence, achievement / acquisition, material rewards of social mobility.

c.     Personal: honesty, sincerity, justice, and generosity.

d.     Adjustment; mingle with the balk, keep away from the chaos, maintaining security and order.

e.     Intellectual learning and knowledge as a goal.

f.      Political attitudes, values, and beliefs related to the government stand.

Political socialization is a term used to describe the process by which people learn about politics and develop the political orientation. As for the means of a lath that can serve as an intermediary / means of political socialization, among others:

1) Family ( family )

Container cultivation (socialization) political values ​​the most efficient and effective is in the family. At the start of this family between parents and children, often " chatter "about all things political lightweight, so it happens unwittingly transfer of knowledge and political values ​​that are absorbed by the child.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 2)     <! - [endif] -> School

Through the lessons at school civics education (civic education), student and teacher exchange information and interact in discussing certain topics that contain the values ​​of both theoretical and practical politics. Thus, the student has gained prior knowledge about the early political life and political values ​​are correct from an academic standpoint.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 3)     <! - [endif] -> Political Parties

One of the functions of political parties is able to play the role of political socialization. This means that after the political party cadres to recruit members as well as sympathy-sannya periodically or during the campaign, was able to instill the values ​​and norms from one generation to the next. Political parties should be able to create "image" to fight for common interests, in order to get broad support from the community and continue to win elections.

Especially in primitive societies, there are many differences in the socialization process. According to Robert Le Vine which has explored the socialization among the two tribes in western KenyaPower: The second race is a group that is not centralized and its patriarchal . They have the same basic livelihood and marked by the characteristic features bloody feud. However, interest on the Neueressentially egalitarian (equal to believe all people) and passive, while the Gusii tribe of authoritarian and aggressive. Children of each tribe are encouraged in their traditions appreciate each one.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 4.     <! - [endif] -> Political Socialization in Developing Communities

The central issue in the political sociology of developing societies is to a kut change. This is clearly illustrated by the example of Turkey, where a systematic effort has been made ​​to influence or to make it easier to match the changes that took place after World War One. Mustapha Kemal (Kemal Ataturk) seeks to modernize Turkey, not only materially, but also through socialization processes.Examples of the same can also be seen in the country of Ghana.

According to Robert Le Vine , there are 3 (three) factors important issue in the political socialization in developing societies, as follows:

a.     population growth in developing countries may be beyond their capacity to "modernize" the traditional family through indus trialisasi and education.

b.     Often there were large differences in education and the values ​​of traditional between the sexes so that women are more closely tied to traditional values. However, the mother may play an important role during the early socialization of children.

c.     It is possible the influence of urbanization, which is always regarded as a mighty force to subvert traditional values. Most are also at least partially offset by a shift of values ​​in urban areas, particularly with the establishment of community tribal and ethnic communities in these areas.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 5.     <! - [endif] -> Political Socialization and Change

The nature of political socialization that vary according to time and are always adjusting to the environment that gave contributions, related to the nature of the government and the degree and nature of change. The more stable government, the more detailed the main agencies of political socialization Conversely, the greater the degree of change in a non-totalitarian government, the more tersebarlah main agencies of political socialization. Increasingly totalitarian nature of political change, the smaller the number of major agencies of socialization of politics it.

In The Civic Culture, Almond and Verba argued cross-national survey (cross-national) about the political culture. Their research concluded that each of her five countries examined, the United States, Britain, Germany, Italy, and Mexico, has its own political culture. America and Britain are characterized by a general acceptance of the political system, by a level of political participation is quite high and by a widespread feeling among the respondents that they can influence events up to a certain extent.

Greater pressure is put the Americans on the issue of participation, while the British people show respect for the government greater control over them. The political culture of Germany is characterized by a degree of attitude that is not affected by the system and attitudes towards more passive participation. Nevertheless, the respondents felt able to influence those events. While in Mexico is a mixture between the acceptance of political theory and the alienation of the substance.

A key factor in the political culture concept is legitimacy , the extent to which a political system acceptable to the community. Legitimacy that can be extended to the many aspects of the political system or can be limited in some aspects. As in the United States, most Americans accept the agency president, congress, and MA, but the use of the rights of the institution has alwaysreceived criticism from the public.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 6.     <! - [endif] -> Political Socialization and Political Communication

Political socialization, according to Hyman is a continuous learning process that involves both emotional learning ( emotional learning ) as well as political indoctrination manifest (obvious) and dimediai (means of communication) by all the participation and experience of the individuals who live it. This formula shows how large the role of political communication in the process of political socialization among residents of a community. No one argued that if all the activities of political communication also serves as a socialization process for community members who are involved either directly or indirectly in the activities of political communication.

In a country's political system, the function of socialization suggest that all political systems tend to try to perpetuate their culture and structure over time. This is done mainly through the influence of the structures of primary and secondary dilalaui by younger members of the community in their maturation process. According toGA Almond , the word "primarily" used for the purpose of political socialization - as well as learning in a general sense - do not stop at the point of passage itself, regardless of its limitations however in different societies.

In the reality of people's lives, the patterns of political socialization is also changing as well as changes in the structure and political culture. The changes are also concerned about the differences in the level of involvement and degree of changes in the sub-system of diverse communities.

On the other hand, political socialization is the process of induction into a political culture which is owned by a political system in question. The final result of this process is a set of mental attitudes, cognition (knowledge), the standard of values ​​and feelings toward the political system and its role and the role of various policies. The results of this process also includes knowledge about the values ​​that affect, and feelings about the feedback on the demands and claims against the system, and output otorotatif it.

Here is a chart of the formation of political attitudes ( political attitude ) through a process of political socialization.

Early Childhood (Childhood)

Afective Allegiance (The attitude of loyalty)

Adolescence (Adolescence)

Adulthood (The adults)

Cognitive and critical orientations (Understanding and purpose to criticize)

Cognitive partisanship (Understanding the siding) Afective partisanship (The attitude of siding)

Cognitive partisanship (Understanding the siding)

Awareness of policy outputs (Awareness of the policy output)

Awareness of ability to influence policy (Awareness to influence policy)

In relation to the political socialization process of political communication function, associated with structures involved in the socialization and socialization styles itself. In the political system of modern societies, institutions such as the peer group, community, school, work groups, voluntary associations, communications media, political parties and government institutions can all play a role in political socialization. Then, associations, relationships and participation in the lives of adults continue the process for all.

Almond , said that political socialization can be obvious ( manifest ) and could also not significant ( latent ).

Political Socialization Manifesto	Political Socialization Latent
Takes place in the form of information transmission, values ​​or sense of the role, input and output of the political system.	In the form of information transmission, values ​​or sense of the role, input and output of other social systems like families that affect attitudes toward the role, input and output analog political system (the equation).

In a large and diverse nation such as Indonesia, India, China and so on, information received by the various elements of society will be different due to geographical factors both in cities and villages. In the majority of developing countries, the influence of mass media (radio, newspapers and television) in rural areas is very limited. Therefore, the influence of traditional social structures in interpreting the information that reaches the area is great. Heterogeneity of information strengthens the difference in orientation and attitude ( attitude ) among groups that have very different primary socialization of the group or peers.

In contrast to advanced countries like America, Britain, Germany and so the flow of information is relatively homogeneous. The political elite of government may have special sources of information through specific bureaucratic agencies, certain newspapers aimed at a particular political group or class. Thus, all groups of society have access to a flow of information and mass media are relatively homogeneous and autonomous so that language barriers or cultural orientation was minimal. Community can take control of the political elite of the elite and otherwise-can immediately find out the demands of society and the consequences of all kinds of government action.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> A.     E. <! - [endif] -> PARTICIPANT PARTICIPATION POLITICAL CULTURE

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 1.      <! - [endif] -> Definition of Political Participation

A discussion of political culture is inseparable from the political participation of citizens. Political participation are part of political culture, because of the existence of political structures in society, such as political parties, interest groups, pressure groups and the media during a critical and active. This is an indicator of people's involvement in political life (the participants).

For some people, the people actually involved in the political process, not just at the level of formulation of the decisions issued by the government or a political policy, but also involved in the implementation that is involved to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the policy.

Political participation is an activity of a person or group of people to participate actively in political life, such as choosing the leadership efforts of the state or influence government policy. According to Myron Weiner , there are five causes of the movement towards greater participation in the political process, as follows:

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> a.        <! - [endif] -> The modernization in all areas of life that causes people more and more demanding to participate in political power.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> b.       <! - [endif] -> Changes to the social class structure. Problems who are eligible to participate and become an important political decision-making and lead to a change in the pattern of political participation.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> c.        <! - [endif] -> The influence of the intellectuals and kemunikasi modern times. The idea of participatory democracy has spread to new nations before they develop the modernization and industrialization are quite mature.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> d.       <! - [endif] -> Conflict between groups of political leaders, if there is conflict between the elite, then you are looking for is the people's support. Occurred against the class struggle against the aristocracy of interest of the workers and help extend the suffrage of the people.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> e.        <! - [endif] -> widespread government involvement in social affairs, economy, and culture. The widespread scope of government activity often stimulate the emergence of organized demands will be an opportunity to participate in political decision making.

<! - [If! SupportLists] -> 2.     <! - [endif] -> Concept of Political Participation

In political science, known as the concept of political participation to illustrate what and how of political participation. During its development, the issue of political participation is so important, especially when traditional approaches mengemukanya behavioral (behavior) and Post Behavioral (post-behavior). Studies of political participation is mainly carried out in many developing countries, which in general conditions of political participation is still in growth stage.

In political science is actually what is meant by the concept of political participation? who was involved?What are the implications? how to shape its practices of political participation? whether there are levels of political participation? some of these questions are basic things that must be answered to get clarity about the concept of political participation.

The first thing that must be answered regarding the clarity of the concept of political participation. Some scholars who are specifically engaged in political science, to formulate a concept of political participation, are presented in the following table:

Scholar	Concept	Indicator
Kevin R.Hardwick	Political participation to pay attention to the ways citizens interact with government, citizens try to convey their interests to public officials in order to be able to realize those interests.	<! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> There is interaction between citizens and the government <! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> There are a citizen efforts to influence public officials.
Miriam Budiardjo	Political participation is an activity of a person or group of people to participate actively in political life, by choosing the leadership of the country, and directly or indirectly influence government policy (public policy ).	<! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> The form of individual or group activities <! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> Aiming to participate actively in political life, chose the leadership of the public or influence the public policy.
Ramlan Surbakti	Political participation is the participation of ordinary citizens in determining or influencing any decisions about his life. Political participation means the participation of ordinary citizens (who do not have the authority) to influence the process of political decision-making and implementation.	<! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> The participation of citizens in public policy making and implementation <! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> Performed by ordinary citizens
Michael Rush and Philip Althoft	Political participation is the involvement of individuals through the various stages in the political system.	<! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> Tangible individual's involvement in the political system <! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> Have the levels of participation
Huntington and Nelson	Political participation ... activities of civilian citizens ( private citizen ) who aim to influence government policy making.	<! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> The form of activity rather than the attitudes and beliefs <! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> Having a goal of public policy influence <! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> Do the citizens of thugs (regular)
Herbert McClosky	Political participation is voluntary activities of citizens through which they take part in the selection process of the authorities, and directly or indirectly, in the process of forming public policy.	<! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> The form of volunteer activities <! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> Do the citizens <! - [If! SupportLists] -> ·      <! - [endif] -> Citizens engage in political processes

Based on a conceptual definition of political participation that raised some political scientists are, substantially states that any political participation made manifest in voluntary activities carried out real, or no emphasis on attitudes. Political participation activities carried out by civilian citizens or ordinary people, so as if the possibility for similar acts committed by non-citizens.